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31. Competition， formerly between individual firms， is now mainly between nations， and is therefore conducted by methods quite different from those formulated by the classical economists.

竞争过去是在公司之间展开，但现在主要成为国家之间的竞争，所以，经典经济学家们揭示的竞争方法已经不再适用。

32. We may say， therefore， speaking very generally， that men have used the increased productivity which they owe to science for three chief purposes in succession： first， to increase the population; then， to raise the standard of comfort; and， finally， to provide more energy to war.

因此，我们可以概而言之地说，科学的发展带来了生产率的提高，人们由此可以依次实现三个主要目的：第一，增加人口的数量;其次，提高舒适生活的标准;再次，为战争提供更多的能源。

33. Web browsers! Interactive software! Theres a lot of new technology talk going on in public relations these days， and its coming from a variety of sources.

网页浏览器!交互式软件!最近，在公共关系中人们大谈特谈新技术，而且各种各样的人都加入了进来。

34. The foundations of good public relations remain the same： anticipating and meeting the needs of clients and the media， and providing informed and useful counsel.

建立良好公共关系的基础没有变：考虑并满足顾客和媒体的需要，为之提供有根据的有用咨询。

35. The delivery system is part of the message and contributes to the overall image， so the practitioner should consider how that system affects the client， the product， and the audiences.

交货方式是公司信息的组成部分，影响到公司的整体形象，因此，实际负责的人应该考虑这种交货方式对消费者、产品和观众产生的影响。

36. In the last presidential election， more than one candidate had problems with their personal web-pages because webmasters were not kept up to date on changes in campaign strategy and messages.

在上次的总统选举中，不止一位参选者的个人网页存在问题，因为站点管理员没有及时更新网上的竞选策略和竞选信息。

37. They believe that those regulations， which exclude most poor husband and wife families from Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) assistance grants， contribute to the problem of family dissolution.

这些规定将最贫困的夫妻家庭排斥在“救助有受抚养子女的家庭(简称AFDC)”的救济金补助范围之外，他们认为，这造成了家庭的破裂。

38. The third type is the unhappily married couple， who remain together out of a sense of economic responsibility for their children， because of the high costs of separation， or because of the consumption benefits of marriage.

第三类是婚姻不幸福的家庭，夫妻不离异只是由于对孩子经济上的责任感，因为离异的代价很高，或者为了取得结婚家庭的消费补助。

39. Much of the variation in marital stability across income classes can be explained by the variation in costs of dissolution imposed by society， such as division of property， and child support.

在不同收入的阶层中，婚姻的稳定与否，在很大程度上取决于在某个社会中离异所导致的代价的高低，如财产的分配、子女的抚养问题。

40. To the extent that welfare is a form of governmentsubsidized AFDC payments， it reduces the costs of separation and guarantees a minimal standard of living for wife and children.

由于补助金是政府补助的一种“救助有受抚养子女的家庭”的津贴，它起到了降低离异代价、保障妻子和子女最低生活水平的作用。